And it goes like this

The fog of green solace layers the sun. The dilemma of understanding this mystical country illustrates the retrograde minds trying to figure It out.

Every millimetre and inch of country's lament, glistening joy in a small area, helping hand, stalwart repulsion, lustre, éclat, venerability, legacy, verdure, and frondescence fulfil the purpose of a vein in an organism’s body.

Coming back, nature, organisms and what not:

Peppered Moths

The finding that the same gene influences wing patterns in butterflies and moths suggests that certain genes can act as “hot spots” for natural selection, says Robert Reed, an evolutionary biologist at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. In both the butterflies and the peppered moths, none of the discovered genetic differences altered the protein-coding region of the cortex gene. This means it’s possible that the transposable element insertion and the identified SNPs don't change the cortex protein itself. These variations may affect regulatory regions that control when and where cortex (or a nearby gene) is expressed. But, the evidence that cortex is the primary target of natural selection is strong. Reed notes, “I’d be surprised if they were wrong.” A yellow band on a Heliconius butterfly wing is produced by overlapping pigmented scales, as shown in this close-up image. It's not crystal-clear how the cortex gene influences wing-pattern development, says Saccheri. Both research teams are “equally puzzled about how it is doing what it appears to be doing.”

Moth and butterfly wings are covered with colorful scales, and the research teams have evidence that the cortex gene helps determine when specific wing scales develop. In both groups, the timing of scale growth strongly influences coloration, with yellow, white, and red scales forming earlier and black, melanin-rich scales developing later. Cortex is also involved in cell-cycle regulation, so changes in how much of the protein is produced could speed up or slow down scale development, which affects their final color. SNPs and similar regulatory changes are known to influence pigmentation in many organisms, including humans. Small changes in a single gene’s regulation can significantly alter an organism’s appearance and sometimes its survival as environmental conditions shift.

In early 19th-century Britain, the peppered moth (Biston betularia) was typically light-colored with a speckled “salt-and-pepper” pattern, but dark, or melanic, variants became increasingly common as industrial soot blackened trees and buildings. Recent genetic research shows that this dark form emerged from a transposable-element insertion near the cortex gene (a developmental regulator also involved in wing-pattern variation in butterflies) and molecular dating places the mutation around 1819, coinciding with Britain’s rapid expansion of coal use. Importantly, coal pollution did not cause the mutation.Soot-darkened environments gave melanic moths a survival advantage by making them less visible to predatory birds. So, natural selection favored moths carrying the melanic allele, and caused the dark form to spread through the population during the Industrial Revolution.

Many moths in Britain come in two different colors, a lighter “natural” form and a darker, melanic form.The melanic form is similar to the natural form in every way except that a genetic change causes certain wing scales to produce more dark pigment during development. In Biston betularia, genetic crosses showed long ago that the difference between the natural and melanic forms is controlled mainly by a single genetic region. But finding the exact gene responsible was complicated. “When a mutation is transmitted through time, it’s not transmitted on its own,” one researcher explains. He compares chromosomes to a bus carrying many passengers. Small mutations travel together on that crowded “bus,” which makes it hard to identify which one is responsible for a visible trait. Instead of being located in the protein-coding sequence of a gene, the key change turned out to be associated with a transposable element. These “jumping genes” can insert themselves into new places in the genome. Once considered junk DNA, they are now known to influence how nearby genes are used. In this case, the transposon insertion sits near a gene called cortex and appears to alter how it is regulated, which ultimately leads to the melanic form of the peppered moth.

Once Saccheri and his team figured out what they were looking for, they used coalescent simulations to trace the mutation back to roughly 1819, around the time industrial soot began darkening tree bark in Britain. Their estimate suggests the mutation first appeared then, but took about 30 years to become common enough for observers to notice. In 1848, a fully black peppered moth was recorded in Manchester. Though the discovery matters greatly to geneticists, it’s also valuable because it’s easy to visualize...peppered moths are widespread, and changes in their coloration (driven by transposable-element mutations and natural selection) show how quickly species can respond to shifting environmental conditions.